Preheat oven to 350° F. Spray 9x13-inch baking dish with nonstick spray.
Spray a large nonstick skillet with nonstick spray. Heat over medium high. Add the kielbasa and cook, stirring occasionally, until browned, 3 to 4 minutes. Add the onion and garlic; reduce heat and cook, stirring occasionally, until the onion is softened, about 4 minutes. Add all beans, water, ketchup, mustard, vinegar, and brown sugar; cook, stirring occasionally, until the flavors are blended, about 5 minutes. Pour the bean mixture into the baking dish.
Sprinkle the bean mixture with the cheese. Bake the casserole until bubbling in the center, 35 to 40 minutes. Let stand about 5 minutes before serving.
Notes
If preparing this as a GLUTEN FREE dish, be sure to check the following ingredients to make sure they are gluten free: kielbasa, beans, ketchup & spicy brown mustard. Serve on top of some Gluten Free cornbread!
Make ahead: Prepare through step 2, then let cool completely. Wrap well and freeze for up to 1 month. Thaw in refrigerator overnight. Unwrap and continue on to step 3 to cook.